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Electrical Circuit Elements

Electrical Circuit Elements can be 

  • Linear or Non-Linear 
  • Active or Passive 
  • Unilateral or Bilateral 
  • Time-Variant or Time-Invariant 

  1. Linear or Non-Linear 

    • Linear Elements: 

      V-I characteristics follows only one equation of straight line passing through origine. Examples : Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors and Gyrator

    • Non-Linear Elements: 

      Elements lacking any of the above mentioned characteristics for linear elements are Non-Linear Elements. Examples : Diodes, Transistors etc..

  2. Active or Passive 

    • Active Elements: 

      Active circuit elements have capacity of enhancing the energy level of signal passing through it. Slope of V-I characteristics of such elements is negative OR any part of V-I characteristics of such elements lies in 2nd or/and 4th Quadrant Example : Vacuum Tubes, Transistors, Power Sources...

    • Passive Elements: 

      Passive elements can’t enhance the energy level of signals passing through it. Their V-I characteristics never touches 2nd of 4th quadrant. Example : Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors

    During discharging period energy storing elements like Capacitors and Inductors Behaves like Active Elements ( slope of their v-i characteristic becomes negative) but their overall V-I characteristic never touches 2nd or 4th quadrant ( if you start drawing V-I characteristic when stored energy of element is zero), So they are Passive Elements.

  3. Unilateral or Bilateral 

    • Unilateral Elements: 

      If the magnitude of current passing through an element changes or affected due to changes in polarity of applied voltage, the element is Unilateral Element. Example : Diodes, Transistors, SCRs. . .

    • Bilateral Elements: 

      If the magnitude of current remains the same OR if V-I characterises of an element remains unchanged OR if the element offers same impedance ——>> even if the polarity of applied voltage is reversed then it is a Bilateral Element Example : All linear elements.

  4. Time-Variant or Time-Invariant 

    • Time-Variant Elements: 

      V-I characteristic changes with time.

    • Time-Variant Elements: 

      V-I characteristics remains same for all time.



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